What is virtualization?

 Virtualization is a technique of splitting a Physical Resources into as many as logical Resources.

it is two types 

1> Type 1:- it is directly installed on the basic metal of physical host, it act as a firmware 

2>Type 2 :- This type of hypervisor is installed on OS Running on the  physical host.it act as a software.

How to check FSMO Role through Powershell?

 First open power shell form server manager 

 then type Netdom Query fsmo  

 when it shows all 5 Operational rolls(Schema Master,Domain Naming Master,Pdc Emulator,RID Master,Infrastructure Master) it means belong to DC

 when it shows 3 Operational rolls(Pdc Emulator,RID Master,Infrastructure Master)it means belong to ADC

What is FSMO Role ?

 FSMO full form is Flexible Single Master Operation Mode.It has 5 roles 

1>Schema Master:- It is a collection of AD classes & their attributes such that username and password it is  attributes.It is available only in DC,it also give permission  to create object .

2> Domain Naming Master:- It is responsible for creation & deletion of dc,new child domain creation ,demotion  & deletion of old dc.

3>PDC Emulator :- It is responsible for time synchronized between DC also provide Password replication if password change by client or PC 

4>RID Master:-It full form is Relative identifier Master also provide RID pools to DC for creating SID(Security Identifier ).SID provide Unique ID.

5>Infrastructure Master:- When we migrate One DC to another DC ,infrastructure master keep his Reference   

Difference Between Windows server 2008 & 2012

 Windows Server 2008

1> It has 19 roles and 53 features 

2> Extended Physical server  Ram  upto 1 TB

3>We can assign 64 GB Ram Per VM 

4>We can activate 384 VM 

 Windows Server 2012

1> It has 20 roles and 55 features 

2> Extended Physical server  Ram  upto 4 TB

3>We can assign 1 TB Ram Per VM 

4>We can activate 1024 VM 

What is Sysvol Folder in Windows server 2012?

 Sysvol is a set of file and folder that stored in local hard disk of each DC and replicated with FRS(file replication  service)

What is SNMP?

Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) is an application layer protocol that is used for network device management. This protocol can collects and manipulate valuable network information from switches,router, servers, printers, and other network-attached devices.

An SNMP-managed network consists of two components:

• Network management station (NMS) – the software which runs on the administrative computer. This software gathers SNMP data by requiring the devices on the network to disclose certain information. Devices can also inform the NMS about problems they are experiencing by sending an SNMP alert (called a trap).
• Agent – the software which runs on managed devices and reports information via SNMP to the NMS

Consider the following example:

The router R1 is configured to send SNMP traps to the NMS Station. If a problem occurs, the router will send an SNMP trap to Host A. For example, if there is a port security violation on R1, the router will send the SNMP trap, notifying that there has been a potential security breach on the network.

SNMP agents use a UDP  port 161, while the manager uses a UDP port 162. The current SNMP version is SNMPv3.

Best Tric of Subnetting of Class C IP Address

 Class C:-

192.0.0.0 : -  Here last 0 is called Group no/Subnet  No/Network No

                     11111111 11111111  11111111 00000000  

                      here network bit  is  24  

                      no of host is 2 ka power 8  -2  =256-2=254

                      1 shows network bit 

                      0 shows  host  bit

                      physical address(mac address) = 6 byte(48 bits)

                      0 is group no & 255 is broadcast no which never assign 

Example:-   192.0.0.0

                   255.255.255.0 

 Solution :- 256-255=1 is difference 

                  192.0.1.0 is first group 

                  192.0.2.0 is  second group and so on till now 255

                  192.0.255.0 is last group  

                  now  come to first group 

                  192.0.1.0     

                   we have discussed that 0 is not assign  so that first valid & Last valid IP address

                    first valid ip is 192.0.1.1   192.0.1.2   upto   last valid ip  is 192.0.1.254 

                    its broadcast address is  192.0.1.255   same process for every group 

Example:-   192.0.0.0

                   255.255.255.128

                  

Solution :-   255.255.255.128 here 128 is written as 10000000 

                 so that  subnet bit is 1  no of host  is 7

                 now  256-128=128 difference 

                  now 256 /128= 2  here 2 group  is possible 

                  let go to  given ip address    192.0.0.0 to 192.0.0.128 (127 is loop back IP so that leave it) .it is                    first    group

               192.0.0.0 to 192.0.0.128   first group

               192.0.0.129 to 192.0.0.255  Second Group   lets go to first group 

              192.0.0.0 to 192.0.0.128

              192.0.0.1 is first valid IP Address 192.0.0.2 is Second 

               Last valid IP address is 192.0.0.254 its broadcast IP Address is 192.0.0.128 

                lets go to Second  group 

               192.0.0.129 to 192.0.0.255 

              First Valid IP  is 192.0.0.130    & Last Valid IP  is  192.0.0.254  broadcast IP is  192.0.0.255

Example:- 200.100.50.20

                255.255.255.240

Solution :- 240 written as  11110000 so that  no of network bit is 2 ka power 4=16  no of host is  

                2 ka power 4 -2= 14  now 

                256-240= 16  so that  16 is difference 

               16/256= 16  so that   16 group 

                 200.100.50.0 to 200.100.50.15  first group 

                200.100.50.16 to 200.100.50.31 second group  till now 16 group 

                let go to  first group 200.100.50.0 to 200.100.50.15

                first valid IP is 200.100.50.1  second Valid IP is 200.100.50.2 

                Last valid Ip is  200.100.20.14   its broadcast ip is 200.100.20.15

                lets go to second group    

                 200.100.50.16 to 200.100.50.31

                First valid IP is 200.100.50.17 

                Last Valid IP is 200.100.50.30

               Broadcast Ip is  200.100.50.31

Example:- 193.126.11.0

                 255.255.255.0

Solution:- no of network is  24

               no of host is 2 ka power 8 -2  =254

              difference is 256-255=1

              group 193.126.0.0  

                        193.126.1.0

                        193.126.2.0  to  193.126.11.0  

                        lets go to 193.126.11.0 group 

                First valid IP is   193.126.11.1 

               Last Valid  IP is  193.126.11.254

               Broad cast IP is  193.126.11.255

               lets go to 193.126.0.0  group

               First valid IP is 193.126.0.1

              Last Valid IP is  193.126.0.254

              Broadcast IP is  193.126.0.255

Next  IP is 193.126.12.0

Example: 192.0.0.0

               255.255.255.224

Solution::- 224 is written as 11100000 so that 

               n/w bit =24 

               no of  host =2 ka power 5 -2 =  32-2 =30

              difference = 256-224=32

              no of group = 256/32=8

             192.0.0.0 to  192.0.0.31  first group

             192.0.0.32 to  192.0.0.63  second group

             192.0.0.64  to 192.0.0.95  third group

             192.0.0.96  to 192.0.0.127 4th group 

             192.0.0.128 to 192.0.0.159 5th group 

             192.0.0.160 to 192.0.0.191  6th group 

             192.0.0.192 to  192.0.0.223 7th group 

             192.0.0.224 to 192.0.0.255  8th group 

 now lets go to first group 192.0.0.0 to  192.0.0.31

            First Valid IP is 192.0.0.1 ,second 192.0.0.2 

            Last Valid IP is  192.0.0.30 

            Broadcast IP is  192.0.0.31